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An Apologia of Infant Baptism: What Does Circumcision and Baptism Mean?

In comparing circumcision with baptism, John Murray proposed that they have the following three elements in common:

  1. Union and communion with God;
  2. Signification of cleansing from defilement; and
  3. Signifying righteousness of faith (Christian Baptism, pgs. 45-48; also see John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2.1327).   

At this point I would like to address these three features individually so that we can clearly see the similarities in circumcision and baptism. 

Union and Communion with God

In Genesis 17.1-14, we observe that the covenant ratified by God with Abraham was an everlasting covenant that denoted a salvific undertone, in that God declared that He would be “God to you [Abraham] and to your descendants after you” (Genesis 17.7).  As a result, this covenant indicates “union and communion with Jehovah, the God of Israel” (Murray, pg. 47).  In other words, to administer circumcision to infants was to apply a sign in pointing them towards their need of internalizing their faith

In bearing out this meaning of circumcision, we observe in Deuteronomy 10.12-13 and 16,

And now, Israel, what does the LORD your God require from you, but to fear the LORD your God, to walk in all His ways and love Him, and to serve the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and to keep the LORD’S commandments and His statutes which I am commanding you today for your good…Circumcise then your heart, and stiffen your neck no more (cf. Jeremiah 4.4).

Not only is this observed in circumcision, union and communion with God is also seen in baptism. 

In 1 Peter 3.21 we read, “And corresponding to that, baptism now saves you — not the removal of dirt from the flesh, but an appeal to God for a good conscience — through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” (cf. Colossians 2.11-12).  What is more, we read in Hebrews 8.10, “For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel.  After those days, says the Lord: I will put My laws into their minds, and I will write them upon their hearts.  And I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” 

Considering that baptism is a sign of God’s New Covenant, we can observe how its administration is to serve as such a sign.  Just as the Israelites were once reminded by their circumcision to seek God, so too are Christians today reminded by their baptism to seek God (Marcel, 51-53). 

Signification of cleansing from defilement

Circumcision and baptism also both signify the cleansing from the defilement of sin.  For instance, John Murray shows how Ex. 6.12, 30; Lev. 19.23; 26.41; Deut. 10.16; 30.6; Jer. 4.4; 6.10; 9.25 signify the notion of circumcision carrying “the removal of defilement” (47).  

In regards to baptism, we observe the same connotation.   We read in Acts 22.16 and 1 Cor. 6.11, “And now why do you delay? Arise, and be baptized, and wash away your sins, calling on His name” and “And such were some of you; but you were washed, but you were sanctified, but you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, and in the Spirit of our God” (cf. Acts 2.38; Rom. 6.3-4; 1 Cor. 12.13; Titus 3.5; 1 Pet. 3.21).

Not only does circumcision imply the cleansing from defilement, so too does baptism.       

Signify righteousness of faith

Finally, both circumcision and baptism signify that God’s righteousness is received by faith (Murray, 47-48; see Rom. 4.11; cf. Rom. 2.25-29; Col. 2.11-14; Phil. 3.2-3). 

On one hand, the reception of circumcision or baptism does not guarantee that a person has faith or that they have received the righteousness of God (John Sartelle, What Christian Parents Should Know About Infant Baptism, pg. 7).  On the other hand, these signs do signify that God has promised to give His righteousness to anyone who has faith in Jesus Christ. (Ross, pg. 94).   In the end, both circumcision and baptism are more about the faithfulness of God towards us than it is about our faithfulness towards God.

Not only are these similarities observed between circumcision and baptism, we can also observe that they possess the following similarities: initiatory rites, picture of the death of the old man of sin, represent: repentance, justification by faith, and a cleansed heart, indicate citizenship in Israel, indicate separation from the world, and can lead to either blessings or curses (Booth, pg. 181). 

What’s this have to do with infant baptism?

The implications of the unity of God’s covenant with man and the similarities of baptism and circumcision are tantamount to the baptism of infants.  For if there is one overarching covenant made by God with man, and the signs administered under this unified covenant are substantially the same, and infants were commanded to be circumcised, then we can reasonably conclude that infants are to be included in the administration of baptism unless strictly forbidden.  This is why it has been said that an argument against the baptism of infants in the New Covenant is an argument against the circumcision of infants in the Old (Calvin, 2.1322-1324).

 

 Other Parts of my series on An Apologia of Infant Baptism:

Formulating a Doctrinal Position

Covenant: Defined and Delivered 

Unity of the Covenants

 

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6 Responses to “An Apologia of Infant Baptism: What Does Circumcision and Baptism Mean?”


  1. ScottL
    on Jan 27th, 2010
    @ 11:00 am

    Hey Jesse. I still have your continuationist paper to read. I might be able to get to it next week. :)

    I should send you a paper I put together on water baptism and the case for ‘credo-baptism’. :)


  2. Jesse
    on Jan 27th, 2010
    @ 2:30 pm

    @ Scott:

    Oh my, I almost “spammed” your comment (ha ha).

    Yea, check-out what I wrote, let me know what you want to think. You can hit me up with your heretical view on baptism anytime. I’m sorry, I couldn’t resist! LOL.

    Cheers, Jesse


  3. Random Reading « Reformed and Reforming
    on Feb 1st, 2010
    @ 7:44 am

    [...] I just recently compared Circumcision and Baptism this article from R. Scott Clark obviously jumped out at [...]


  4. An Apologia of Infant Baptism: The Argument from Silence « Reformed and Reforming
    on Feb 2nd, 2010
    @ 9:44 pm

    [...] infants were indeed included in the administration of baptism due to the unity of the covenants and the similarities of circumcision and baptism.  When we consider that Jewish parents would have applied the covenant sign of circumcision upon [...]


  5. David W Perry
    on May 3rd, 2010
    @ 11:26 am

    John the Baptist’s baptism of repentance was aimed at those responsible for their actions. John and the crowds around him would have found the idea that infants and young children should undergo a baptism of repentance simply absurd.

    John the Baptist was beheaded, Jesus was crucified and Stephen was stoned. Could the first Christian congregations really have thrust baptism upon babies and young children? With the threat of persecution hanging over them they would surely have kept them out of the firing line, hopefully bringing them up to seek baptism when mature enough to accept the implications of confessing Christ in a hostile world.

    Acts 8.12 (mass baptism of Samaritans) tells us explicitly that “men and women were baptised” – no mention of babes or children and Acts 9 records that Saul went to Damascus to arrest “both men and women”. This shows that the notion that “household” baptisms must have included babies is a baseless assumption.

    The attempt to equate baptism with circumcision – thus implying baptism’s suitability for babies – is ill-founded. The first Christians were already circumcised Jews. John the Baptist baptised circumcised Jews. The direct link between John’s baptism and that of the infant Church cannot be overemphasised. John the Baptist shows no interest in circumcision. The word never crosses Jesus’ lips except as part of an argument over the Sabbath in John 7.22. St Paul says bluntly “neither circumcision nor uncircumcision avail anything but a new creature”. To say that baptism was the Christian version of Jewish circumcision is as absurd as saying “football is the new cricket.”


  6. Jesse
    on May 3rd, 2010
    @ 2:17 pm

    @ David:

    Thanks for stopping by and replying. Your thoughts are appreciated.

    You bring up some interesting points but failed to address the points mentioned above in the post. In the meantime, I have a few comments:

    You said, John and the crowds around him would have found the idea that infants and young children should undergo a baptism of repentance simply absurd.

    Actually, it would be the other way around. I’ve said elsewhere, When we consider that Jewish parents would have applied the covenant sign of circumcision upon their infant children for thousands of years, we can likely presume that they would have administered baptism in the same way.

    Later you said,

    John the Baptist was beheaded, Jesus was crucified and Stephen was stoned. Could the first Christian congregations really have thrust baptism upon babies and young children?

    Interesting observation, but I don’t have the foggiest idea what this has to do with forming a Biblical position?

    In regards to your thoughts on Acts 8, I’ve addressed that elsewhere so I encourage you to go to that link. Some food for thought, many passages, such as Acts 16.15; 16.33; 18.8; (cf. Acts 11.14) and 1 Cor. 1.16 provides ample evidence that suggests infants were included in the baptism of entire households. Moreover, we see from Acts 16.30-34 that ,

    The account of the baptism of the Philippians jailer’s household is particularly instructive because of the precise description supplied by Luke, the writer of Acts. Luke says that all of the jailer’s household was baptized (v. 33), but then he uses a singular verb to describe who rejoiced and believed in God that night (v. 34). The jailer himself believed (singular verb) and his whole house was baptized. Sadly, this important distinction in the account is not reflected in some of our modern translations

    Finally, Pauls words are out of context and are mentioned in relationship to our rightstanding (i.e. righteousness) before God, not the practice of circumcision itself.

    From what you briefly shared above I would have to contend that your concluding argument – that the practice of infant baptism is ill-founded – well, ill-found. Like I said earlier, you didn’t address the points mentioned above and made a leap of faith in saying that the correlation is absurd.

    Oh, on a final note, since the topic of baptism is an non-essential matter in regards to someone’s salvation and considering that we are purportedly brothers in Christ, your tone is not one of love and/or mutual respect. Just thought you should know.

    Cheers, Jesse

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